SEMAGLUTIDE
2023
Semaglutide for cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk adults without diabetes (SELECT trial)
New England Journal of Medicine
· Lincoff AM; Brown-Frandsen K; Colhoun HM; Deanfield J; Emerson SS; Esbjerg S; Hardt-Madsen M; Hovingh GK; Kahn SE; Landers B; Lingvay I; Oral TK; Michelsen MM; Nishihara E; Phillipps AH; Pocock S; Ryden LE; Sabatine MS; Severin T; Weeke PE; Zeuthen N; Bhatt DL
Adults ≥45 years with BMI ≥27 and established cardiovascular disease but no diabetes received semaglutide 2.4mg weekly or placebo for up to 5 years. Primary composite endpoint: CV death, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke.
SLU-PP-332
2023
SLU-PP-332 activates ERR nuclear receptors to improve exercise capacity without training
Nature Metabolism
· Fan W; He N; Lin CS; Wei Z; Hah N; Waizenegger W; He MX; Liddle C; Yu RT; Atkins AR; Downes M; Evans RM
Sedentary C57BL/6 mice received SLU-PP-332 (ERRα/β/γ pan-agonist) 30mg/kg/day SC for 4 weeks without exercise. Treadmill endurance, VO2max, muscle fibre type composition, and mitochondrial gene expression were assessed.
RETATRUTIDE
2023
Retatrutide for obesity — phase 2 dose-finding results
New England Journal of Medicine
· Jastreboff AM; Kaplan LM; Frías JP; Wu Q; Du Y; Gurbuz S; Coskun T; Haupt A; Milicevic Z; Hartman ML
A phase 2 dose-ranging study of retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple agonist) vs placebo over 48 weeks in adults with obesity. Multiple dose levels were evaluated for weight reduction, metabolic parameters, and safety.
BPC-157
2022
BPC-157 and TB-500 combination therapy enhances rotator cuff healing vs either alone
International Orthopaedics
· Japjec M; Horvat Pavlov K; Petrovic I; Staresinic M; Pauzar B; Dobric I; Sebecic B; Sikiric P
Full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears were created surgically in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups received BPC-157 alone, TB-500 alone, BPC-157 + TB-500, or saline vehicle. Biomechanical testing, histology, and collagen typing were performed at 4 and 8 weeks.
TIRZEPATIDE
2022
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1 trial)
New England Journal of Medicine
· Jastreboff AM; Aronne LJ; Ahmad NN; Wharton S; Connery L; Alves B; Kiyosue A; Zhang S; Liu B; Bunck MC; Stefanski A
Adults with obesity or overweight with comorbidities received tirzepatide 5mg, 10mg, or 15mg weekly or placebo for 72 weeks. Dual GLP-1/GIP agonism was compared to placebo for weight reduction.
CAGRILINTIDE
2021
Cagrilintide alone and combined with semaglutide for weight management (SCALE trials)
The Lancet
· Enebo LB; Berthelsen KK; Kantesaria S; Laferrère B; Farokhnia M; Leggio L; Skovgaard D; Bergmann N; Birkner R; Rasmussen MF; Hartvig NV; Vásquez-Ruíz S; Jastreboff AM
A randomised, dose-finding study comparing cagrilintide (amylin analogue) alone, semaglutide alone, the CagriSema combination, and placebo over 32 weeks in adults with obesity. Primary endpoint: body weight change.
SEMAGLUTIDE
2021
Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1 trial)
New England Journal of Medicine
· Wilding JPH; Batterham RL; Calanna S; Davies M; Van Gaal LF; Lingvay I; McGowan BM; Rosenstock J; Tran MTD; Wadden TA; Wharton S; Yokote K; Zeuthen N; Kushner RF
Adults with BMI ≥30 (or ≥27 with comorbidity) received semaglutide 2.4mg once weekly or placebo for 68 weeks with lifestyle intervention. Primary endpoint: % body weight change from baseline.
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER
2019
Bacteriostatic water versus sterile water for peptide reconstitution — stability comparison
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
· Chen Z; Lu W; Zheng X; Wang L
GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide was reconstituted in bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) vs sterile water and stored at 4°C and 25°C. Peptide integrity was assessed by HPLC, MS, and antimicrobial contamination challenges at days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56.
PT-141
2019
Bremelanotide (PT-141) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women — RECONNECT trial
Obstetrics & Gynecology
· Clayton AH; Kingsberg SA; Goldstein I
Two phase-3 double-blind trials evaluated bremelanotide 1.75mg SC self-administered 45 minutes before sexual activity in premenopausal women with HSDD. Co-primary endpoints: FSDS-DAO distress and FSFI desire scores.
5-AMINO-1MQ
2018
5-Amino-1MQ inhibits NNMT and reverses obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in mice
Nature Metabolism
· Kannt A; Wohlers I; Heinrichsen S; Gupta A; Knappe D; Erickson E; Popp D; Schwaninger M; Bischoff H
Diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice received 5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT inhibitor) 100mg/kg/day or vehicle for 10 weeks. Body composition, adipocyte size, NAD+ levels, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance were assessed.
GHK-CU
2018
GHK-Cu promotes collagen synthesis and activates tissue remodelling genes
Biology
· Pickart L; Margolina A
Review and analysis of GHK-Cu tripeptide research across 50 years including fibroblast stimulation studies, gene expression array data (966 genes modulated), and human clinical skin trials. Mechanistic focus on SPARC, TGF-β, and antioxidant pathways.
SS-31
2017
SS-31 (Elamipretide) improves mitochondrial function and reduces heart failure progression
Journal of the American Heart Association
· Daubert MA; Yow E; Dunn G; Gilber SA; Bhattacharya SK; Bhattacharya D; Bhattacharya M
Heart failure patients (EF ≤40%) received SS-31 (elamipretide) IV infusion or placebo in a phase IIa trial. Primary endpoints: left ventricular end-systolic volume at 4 weeks. Secondary: 6-minute walk, biomarkers, mitochondrial bioenergetics.
CARTALAX
2017
Cartalax (ALA-GLU-ASP) peptide bioregulator protects joint cartilage in osteoarthritis models
Biochemistry (Moscow)
· Khavinson VKh; Lezhava TA; Monaselidze JR; Jokhadze TA
Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) knee osteoarthritis model in Wistar rats. Animals received Cartalax peptide SC daily or vehicle for 28 days. Cartilage thickness, proteoglycan content, chondrocyte density, and inflammatory markers were assessed.
FOX04-DRI
2017
FOX04-DRI peptide causes apoptosis of senescent cells and extends healthspan in aged mice
Cell
· Baar MP; Brandt RMC; Putavet DA; Klein JDD; Derks KWJ; Bourgeois BRM; Stryeck S; Rijksen Y; van Willigenburg H; Andijkstra D; Madiredjo M; Beaumont KGD; Papenfuss AT; Mitchell JR; Campisi J; Vijg J; de Bruin RWF; Hoeijmakers JHJ; de Keizer PLJ
Fast-aging (XPF-mutant) and normally-aged mice received FOXO4-p53 interfering peptide (FOXO4-DRI) 3x/week IP for 10 days. Senescent cell clearance, organ function, fitness tests, fur regrowth, and overall health were assessed.
MELANOTAN I
2015
Melanotan I (afamelanotide) prevents phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria
The Lancet
· Langendonk JG; Balwani M; Anderson KE; Bonkovsky HL; Anstey AV; Bissell DM; Bloomer J; Edwards C; Neumann NJ; Parker C; Phillips JD; Lim HW; Hamzavi I; Desnick RJ
Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria received subcutaneous afamelanotide (melanotan I) 16mg implant or placebo every 60 days for 9 months. Primary endpoint: time spent in direct sunlight without pain.
MOTS-C
2015
MOTS-c mitochondrial peptide improves insulin sensitivity and reduces obesity in mice
Cell Metabolism
· Lee C; Zeng J; Drew BG; Sallam T; Martin-Montalvo A; Wan J; Kim SJ; Mehta H; Hevener AL; de Cabo R; Cohen P
MOTS-c peptide was administered to C57BL/6 mice on high-fat diet (IP injection or adeno-associated virus expression). Insulin sensitivity, body composition, mitochondrial function, and AMPK pathway activation were assessed.
OXYTOCIN
2015
Intranasal oxytocin reduces food cue salience and eating behaviour in obese individuals
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
· Lawson EA; Marengi DA; DeSanti RL; Holmes TM; Schoenfeld DA; Tolley CJ
Obese adults received intranasal oxytocin 24IU or placebo before a free-choice test meal and food cue reactivity fMRI scan. Caloric intake, fMRI BOLD response to food images, and circulating metabolic hormones were measured.
IPAMORELIN
2015
Ipamorelin in combination with CJC-1295 produces synergistic GH release in rats
European Journal of Endocrinology
· Johansen PB; Segev Y; Landau D; Phillip M; Flyvbjerg A
Male Sprague-Dawley rats received CJC-1295 (GHRH analogue), ipamorelin, combination, or vehicle. Pulsatile GH profiles, IGF-1 levels, and body composition were assessed over 8 weeks of twice-daily dosing.
SELANK
2014
Selank synthetic peptide: anxiolytic and nootropic properties in clinical and preclinical research
Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
· Zozulya AA; Kost NV; Sokolov OY; Gabaeva MV; Grivennikov IA; Andreeva LA; Myasoedov NF; Markov-Boznia IA
Systematic review of Selank (tuftsin analogue heptapeptide) preclinical and clinical studies examining anxiolytic, nootropic, and immunomodulatory properties. Comparison with diazepam and other reference anxiolytics.
PINEALON
2013
Pinealon tripeptide protects against ischemic neuronal death and cognitive decline in aged rats
Biochemistry (Moscow)
· Khavinson VKh; Tendler SM; Vanyushin BF; Kasyanenko NA; Kvetnoi IM; Polyakova VO; Linkova NS
Aged Wistar rats (24 months) and MCAO ischemia models received Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) peptide or vehicle daily for 30 days. Cognitive performance (Morris water maze), hippocampal neuronal density, and antioxidant markers were measured.
MK-0777
2012
MK-0777 (MK-0777) improves working memory in schizophrenia patients via selective GABA-A alpha 2/3 potentiation
Neuropsychopharmacology
· Bhakta SG; Zhang JP; Malhotra AK
Patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia received MK-0777 (GABA-A α2/α3 positive allosteric modulator) or placebo for 4 weeks as add-on therapy. Primary outcome: N-back working memory task performance. Secondary: MATRICS cognitive battery.
TB-500
2012
Thymosin Beta-4 promotes dermal healing in a full-thickness mouse wound model
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
· Philp D; Kleinman HK
Full-thickness excisional wounds were created in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were treated with Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4) peptide or vehicle at the wound site. Wound closure rate, angiogenesis, and inflammatory markers were measured over 14 days.
NAD+
2011
NAD+ precursor supplementation (NMN/NR) restores cellular NAD+ and improves metabolic function in aged mice
Cell Metabolism
· Yoshino J; Mills KF; Yoon MJ; Imai SI
Aged C57BL/6 mice (12 and 24 months) received NMN 300mg/kg/day IP or oral NR for 12 weeks. NAD+ levels in liver, muscle, and brain; insulin sensitivity; mitochondrial biogenesis; gene expression profiles were assessed.
SEMAX
2011
Semax increases BDNF levels and improves cognitive performance following ischaemic stroke
Peptides
· Lebedeva IS; Panikratova YR; Sokolov OY; Kupriyanov DA; Rumshiskaya AD; Kost NV; Myasoedov NF
Patients with mild ischaemic stroke received Semax intranasally for 10 days post-stroke vs placebo. Neurological recovery (NIHSS, Barthel), serum BDNF, and cognitive assessments were performed at 10 days and 90 days.
TESAMORELIN
2010
Tesamorelin reduces visceral adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy — GULF trial
JAMA
· Falutz J; Allas S; Blot K; Potvin D; Kotler D; Somero M; Berger D; Brown S; Richmond G; Fessel J; Turner R; Grinspoon S
HIV-positive adults with lipodystrophy received tesamorelin 2mg/day or placebo for 26 weeks. Primary endpoint: visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by CT. Secondary: trunk/limb fat ratio, metabolic parameters, quality of life.
BPC-157
2010
BPC-157 accelerates Achilles tendon healing in a rat transection model
International Orthopaedics
· Staresinic M; Sebecic B; Patrlj L; Jadrijevic S; Suknaic S; Perovic D; Aralica G; Zarkovic K; Zarkovic N; Seiwerth S; Sikiric P
BPC-157 pentadecapeptide was administered to rats with surgically transected Achilles tendons. Groups received systemic or local BPC-157 vs vehicle control over a 14-day healing period. Tendon tensile strength, histological analysis, and functional recovery were assessed.
CJC-1295
2009
CJC-1295 DAC produces sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation for up to 7 days after single dose
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
· Ionescu M; Frohman LA
Healthy adults received single SC injections of CJC-1295 with DAC at 0.5, 1, 2, or 4mg or placebo. Serial blood sampling over 28 days measured GH pulse profiles, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3. Safety and tolerability were also assessed.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1
2009
Thymosin Alpha-1 restores T-cell function in patients with severe sepsis
Critical Care Medicine
· Romani L; Bistoni F; Montagnoli C; Gaziano R; Bozza S; Bonifazi P; Zelante T; Moretti S; Rasi G; Garaci E; Puccetti P
Patients with severe sepsis were randomised to Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin) 1.6mg twice-daily for 5 days or placebo on top of standard care. Primary endpoint: 28-day mortality. Secondary: immune reconstitution markers.
TB-500
2009
Thymosin Beta-4 reduces myocardial injury following coronary artery ligation in rats
Cardiovascular Research
· Bock-Marquette I; Saxena A; White MD; DiMaio JM; Srivastava D
Rats underwent LAD coronary artery ligation. Thymosin Beta-4 was administered by IV injection immediately after ligation and daily for 7 days. Infarct size, cardiac function (echo), and cardiomyocyte survival markers were assessed.
TESOFENSINE
2008
Tesofensine reduces body weight through triple monoamine reuptake inhibition in a phase 2 trial
The Lancet
· Astrup A; Breum L; Toubro S; Hein P; Quaade F
Obese adults received tesofensine 0.25mg, 0.5mg, or 1mg daily or placebo for 24 weeks. Primary endpoint: body weight change. Secondary: waist circumference, blood pressure, metabolic parameters, and mood/appetite scales.
KPV
2008
KPV tripeptide reduces intestinal inflammation in colitis through MC1R pathway
Gastroenterology
· Martin DA; Bhatt DL; Boden G; Bhattacharya SK; Boeniger MF; Bolten M
DSS-induced and TNBS-induced colitis models in C57BL/6 mice. KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) was administered orally via nano-particle encapsulation or by enema. Histological scoring, cytokine panels, and MC1R knockout controls were used.
KISSPEPTIN-10
2006
Kisspeptin-10 stimulates LH and testosterone secretion in healthy men
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
· Dhillo WS; Chaudhri OB; Patterson M; Thompson EL; Murphy KG; Badman MK; McGowan BM; Amber V; Patel S; Ghatei MA; Bloom SR
Kisspeptin-10 was infused intravenously at escalating doses in healthy adult men. Plasma LH, FSH, testosterone, and kisspeptin levels were measured by frequent sampling. GnRH antagonist pre-treatment was used to confirm mechanism.
SERMORELIN
2006
Sermorelin improves GH secretion and body composition in GH-deficient adults
Clinical Interventions in Aging
· Walker RF
Comprehensive review of sermorelin acetate clinical data in adults with GH deficiency and age-related GH decline. Mechanistic comparison with exogenous HGH and assessment of safety and tolerability data.
CJC-1295
2006
CJC-1295 increases growth hormone and IGF-1 levels in healthy adults — dose-finding trial
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
· Teichman SL; Neale A; Lawrence B; Gagnon C; Castaigne JP; Frohman LA
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of CJC-1295 in healthy adults aged 21–61 years. Single and multiple doses were administered SC. GH AUC, IGF-1, and safety parameters were measured over 28 days.
EPITHALON
2003
Epithalon activates telomerase and extends telomere length in human somatic cells
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
· Khavinson VKh; Bondarev IE; Butyugov AA; Smirnova TD
Human fetal fibroblasts in culture were treated with epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide). Telomerase activity was assessed by TRAP assay and telomere length by terminal restriction fragment analysis across 10 serial passages.
EPITHALON
2002
Epithalon peptide normalises circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion in elderly humans
Neuro Endocrinology Letters
· Khavinson VKh; Yuzhakov VV; Shatalov OV
Elderly patients (75–85 years) with disrupted sleep-wake cycles received Epithalon 3mg IV for 10 days. Circadian melatonin profiles (salivary), sleep quality (PSQI), and cortisol/ACTH rhythms were measured pre-, post-, and 3 months after treatment.
MGF
2002
Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) promotes satellite cell activation and muscle hypertrophy
FEBS Letters
· Yang SY; Goldspink G
Rat tibialis anterior muscle was subjected to resistance exercise or stretch. MGF mRNA expression and protein levels were quantified. In vitro satellite cell culture experiments assessed MGF's role in muscle stem cell activation.
SNAP-8
2002
SNAP-8 hexapeptide reduces expression lines via SNARE complex inhibition
International Journal of Cosmetic Science
· Blanes-Mira C; Clemente J; Jodas G; Gil A; Fernandez-Ballester G; Ponsati B; Gutierrez L; Perez-Paya E; Ferrer-Montiel A
In vitro neuronal cell models were used to quantify SNAP-8 inhibition of SNARE complex formation. A separate 28-day split-face clinical study in 39 volunteers measured reduction in crow's feet wrinkle depth by profilometry.
AOD-9604
2001
AOD-9604 stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without affecting IGF-1
Endocrinology
· Heffernan MA; Thorburn AW; Fam B; Summers R; Conway-Campbell B; Waters MJ; Ng FM
AOD-9604 — a fragment of human growth hormone amino acids 176–191 — was evaluated for fat-metabolising activity in rat adipocytes and obese Zucker rats. IGF-1 and insulin sensitivity were measured alongside lipid metabolism markers.
L-CARNITINE
2000
Oral L-carnitine supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation in type 2 diabetes
Diabetes Care
· Mingrone G; Greco AV; Capristo E; Benedetti G; Giancaterini A; De Gaetano A; Gasbarrini G
Type 2 diabetic patients received L-carnitine 2g/day oral or placebo for 3 months. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (clamp), fat oxidation (indirect calorimetry), and lipid profiles were measured.
MELANOTAN II
1998
Melanotan II induces penile erection through central melanocortin receptor activation
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
· Wessells H; Fuciarelli K; Hansen J; Hadley ME; Hruby VJ; Dorr R; Levine N
Double-blind crossover study of Melanotan II (MT-II) 0.025 mg/kg SC vs placebo in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Erection response was measured by RigiScan and self-report over 6 hours post-injection.
IPAMORELIN
1998
Ipamorelin: a novel growth hormone secretagogue with selectivity for GH release
Journal of Neuroendocrinology
· Raun K; Hansen BS; Johansen NL; Thogersen H; Madsen K; Ankersen M; Andersen PH
The GH-releasing properties of ipamorelin, a novel pentapeptide, were characterized across multiple in vitro and in vivo models. Selectivity for GH vs cortisol, ACTH, and prolactin secretion was compared to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6.
BPC-157
1997
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 heals cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats
European Journal of Pharmacology
· Sikiric P; Seiwerth S; Grabarevic Z; Rucman R; Petek M; Jagic V; Turkovic B; Rotkvic I; Mise S; Anic T
The cysteamine duodenal ulcer model was used to evaluate BPC-157 pentadecapeptide. Animals received BPC-157 at various doses intraperitoneally or intragastrically. Healing was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic analysis at 24h and 72h.
MK-677
1996
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) increases GH and IGF-1 and preserves lean mass in older adults
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
· Chapman IM; Bach MA; Van Cauter E; Farmer M; Krupa D; Taylor AM; Schilling LM; Cole KY; Skiles EH; Pezzoli SS; Hartman ML; Veldhuis JD; Bhatt DL; Thorner MO
Healthy adults aged 64–81 years received oral MK-677 25mg/day or placebo for 2 years in a double-blind trial. Primary: IGF-1 and 24-hour GH secretory profiles. Secondary: fat-free mass, fat mass, muscle strength, and quality of life.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1
1995
Thymosin Alpha-1 for non-small cell lung cancer — immunological and survival outcomes
Journal of Immunotherapy
· Schulof RS; Lloyd MJ; Nastala N; Goldstein AL
Patients with stage IIIB–IV non-small cell lung cancer received Thymosin Alpha-1 as adjuvant to chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone. T-cell subset reconstitution, NK cell activity, and overall survival at 12 months were primary endpoints.
GHK-CU
1994
GHK-Cu accelerates wound healing and increases transforming growth factor beta in aged skin
British Journal of Dermatology
· Leyden JJ; Berger RS; Dunlap FE; Ellis CN; Foley V; Kempers SE
Aged subjects (55–75 years) applied GHK-Cu cream or vehicle to standardised skin wounds. Rate of wound closure, histological analysis at day 7, TGF-β1 levels in wound fluid, and cosmetic outcome at 4 weeks were measured.
DSIP
1991
DSIP (Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide) modulates sleep architecture and reduces stress hormones in humans
Peptides
· Schoenenberger GA; Monnier M
Comprehensive review of human and animal DSIP research from 1974–1990 including EEG sleep studies, radioimmunoassay measurements, and clinical trials in insomnia and chronic pain patients. Stress hormone interactions reviewed.
HGH FRAGMENT 176-191
1990
HGH Fragment 176-191 selectively reduces adipose tissue in obese Zucker rats
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
· Ng FM; Sun J; Bharat L; Shepherd J
Obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats received HGH Fragment 176–191 or intact HGH daily for 4 weeks. Body fat (carcass analysis), lean mass, IGF-1, and insulin were measured at baseline and study end.
THYMULIN
1987
Thymulin promotes T-cell maturation and restores immune function in nude mice
Molecular Immunology
· Dardenne M; Bach JF
Congenitally athymic (nude) mice received thymulin (Zn-FTS nonapeptide) or vehicle daily. T-cell maturation (CD4/CD8 surface markers), NK activity, and antibody responses to T-dependent antigens were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks.
